Monaco, officially known as the Principality of Monaco, is a small sovereign city-state located on the French Riviera in Western Europe. Occupying just over two square kilometers, it is the second smallest and one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Monaco’s history traces back to the ancient Ligurians and later became a strategic stronghold for the Genoese, notably when the Grimaldi family seized the Rock of Monaco in 1297—a rule that continues today under Prince Albert II. Over centuries, Monaco weathered conflicts and influences from France, Spain, and Italy, but secured its independence in 1861 through the Franco-Monegasque Treaty. Renowned for its luxury and wealth, Monaco transformed from a quiet port to a playground for the rich and famous after the opening of the Monte Carlo Casino in the mid-19th century, cementing its status as a glamorous destination recognized for its monarchy, annual Grand Prix, and vibrant Mediterranean culture.