South Sudan, the world’s youngest nation, gained independence from Sudan on July 9, 2011, after decades of civil conflict rooted in ethnic, religious, and economic differences. The struggle for autonomy was marked by two prolonged civil wars (1955–1972 and 1983–2005) that resulted in the loss of millions of lives and displacement of countless people. The 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Sudanese government and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement paved the way for a peaceful referendum, in which an overwhelming majority voted for independence. Despite the initial hope and jubilation surrounding its nationhood, South Sudan has faced ongoing challenges, including internal political turmoil, ethnic violence, humanitarian crises, and underdevelopment. Its rich natural resources, particularly oil, have often intensified conflicts rather than fostering stability and prosperity, making nation-building a complex and ongoing process for the people of South Sudan.